دانلود گزارش کارورزی و کار آموزی

چکیده : 

Consistent individual differences in behaviour are present in most animal populations. Historically, the

fitness consequences of behavioural types (e.g. bold and shy) have been investigated in one focal species

at a time. Studies generally disregard variation in heterospecifics that interact with those types. However,

intraspecific variation in behavioural types of multiple interactors could generate dependent effects of

behavioural type behavioural type in species interactions and might serve as a mechanism maintaining

phenotypic variation in wild populations. Here we examined how behavioural types of both predators

and prey jointly determine the outcome of a predatoreprey interaction using the black widow spider,

Latrodectus hesperus, and a syntopic field cricket, Gryllus integer. We assayed the antipredator (boldness)

behaviour of individual G. integer and the boldness during foraging site selection of individual L. hesperus,

as estimated by the spiders’ tendency to settle in safe versus high-risk foraging environments. The bestfit

models predicting prey survivorship and predator foraging success indicate that the behavioural

tendencies of both predator and prey, as well as the interaction between them, jointly affect the outcome

of staged predatoreprey interactions. These models boasted R2 values 3e10 times those of models that

considered behavioural type variation in either predator or prey alone. Our findings highlight the

importance of considering the behavioural types of multiple interactors when testing the effects of

behavioural types on species interactions and individual performance. More generally, our results

strongly suggest that attention should be paid to multiple interactors if we are to understand the outcomes

of species interactions.

چکیده : 

Objectives: Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. OmpC, OmpF and OmpA, the

three major outer membrane proteins (OMPs), could serve as vaccine candidates.

Methods: The porins antigenicity was predicted in silico. The OMP genes were amplified, cloned and

expressed. Sero-reactivities of the recombinant proteins purified by denaturing method were assayed by

ELISA. BALB/c mice were immunized with the recombinant porins followed by bacterial challenge.

Results: Bacterial challenge of the animal model brought about antibody triggering efficacy of the antigen

in OmpF > OmpC > OmpA order. Experimental findings validated the in silico results. None of the antigens

had synergic or antagonistic effects on each other from immune system induction points of view.

Despite their high immunogenicity, none of the antigens was protective. However, administration of two

or three antigens simultaneously resulted in retardation of lethal effect. Porins, in addition to their

specific functions, share common functions. Hence, they can compensate for each other’s functions.

Conclusions: The produced antibodies could not eliminate the pathogenicity by blockade of one or some

of the antigens. Porin antigens are not suitable vaccine candidates alone or in denatured forms. Native

forms of the antigens maybe studied for protective immunogenicity.

چکیده : 

Analysis of dynamic traits is statistically challenging for several reasons. Since most of the dynamic traits result in

irregular sparse longitudinal measurements, a unified approach for jointly modeling the mean trajectories and

the underlying covariance structure is essential.When the traits are bivariate ormultivariate in nature,modeling

the covariance structure is really challenging. For the pharmacogenomic clinics, it is extremely important to have

a comprehensive study of the whole biological system. In other words, if the traits under consideration result in

some events (e.g., death, disease), then a joint analysis is required for the observed dynamic traits and the

event-time. In statistics, there is a vast literature on such joint modeling using parametric, nonparametric and

semiparametric approaches. In this article, we will discuss different aspects of modeling the longitudinal traits,

their limitations and importance to pharmacogenomic clinics

چکیده : 

IN this paper, we present a framework for studying moduli spaces of finite

dimensional representations of an arbitrary finite dimensional algebra A

over an algebraically closed field k. (The abelian category of such

representations is denoted by mod-A.) Our motivation is twofold. Firstly,

such moduli spaces should play an important role in organising the

representation theory of wild algebras. Secondly, such moduli spaces can

be identified with moduli spaces of vector bundles on special projective

varieties. This identification is somewhat hidden in earner work ([6], [7])

but has become more explicit recently ([4], [12]). It can now be seen to

arise from a 'tilting equivalence' between the derived category of mod-A

and the derived category of coherent sheaves on the variety.

چکیده : 

Upland soils have been identified as a major CO2source induced by human activities, such as fertilizerapplications. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of soil CO2emission and carbon bal-ance in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades. The measurementsof soil surface CO2fluxes throughout the years of 2009 and 2010 were carried out based on a fertiliza-tion experiment (from 1990) in a double cropping system rotated with winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in upland soil in southern China. Four treatments were chosen from theexperiment for this study: no-fertilizer application (SR), nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium chemical fer-tilizers (NPK), NPK plus pig manure (NPKM) and pig manure alone (M). Results showed that the meanvalue of soil CO2fluxes from 08:00 to 10:00 am could represent its daily mean value in summer period(June–August) and that from 09:00 am to 12:00 pm for the rest season of a year. Soil temperature andmoisture combined together could explain 70–83% of variations of CO2emission. Annual cumulativesoil CO2fluxes in the treatments with manure applications (8.2 ± 0.8 and 11.0 ± 1.2 t C ha−1in 2009, and7.9 ± 0.9 and 11.1 ± 1.2 t C ha−1in 2010 in NPKM and M, respectively) were significantly higher than thosein the treatments with non-manure addition (2.5 ± 0.2 and 3.4 ± 0.2 t C ha−1in 2009, and 2.1 ± 0.2 and3.7 ± 0.3 t C ha−1in 2010 in SR and NPK, respectively). However, the treatments with manure applicationsrepresented a carbon sink in the soil (carbon output/input ratio < 1.0), which demonstrated potential forcarbon sequestration.

چکیده : 

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, debilitating chronic condition in the United States and

worldwide. Particularly in women, depressive symptoms are often accompanied by high levels of stress and

ruminations, or repetitive self-critical negative thinking. There is a research and clinical imperative to evaluate

complementary therapies that are acceptable and feasible for women with depression and that target specific

aspects of depression in women, such as ruminations. To begin to address this need, we conducted a

randomized, controlled, mixed-methods community-based study comparing an 8-week yoga intervention

with an attention-control activity in 27 women with MDD. After controlling for baseline stress, there was a

decrease in depression over time in both the yoga group and the attention-control group, with the yoga group

having a unique trend in decreased ruminations. Participants in the yoga group reported experiencing

increased connectedness and gaining a coping strategy through yoga. The findings provide support for future

large scale research to explore the effects of yoga for depressed women and the unique role of yoga in

decreasing rumination

چکیده : 

Our paper offers a reflection on the state of the art of antisocial behaviors in adolescence, seeking to review

and synthesize relevant conclusions from developmental investigation on this subject. We begin by identifying

the peculiarities of the antisocial phenomenon in adolescence, with particular focus on social and family

aspects that may influence social behaviors at this stage, as well as on individual variables that undergo considerable

development in adolescence and may play an important role in risk behaviors, such as psychosocial

competence, personality, self-concept, and intelligence. The general conclusion points out questions that remain

unanswered. Therefore, work seeking to address some of those questions is presented

چکیده : 

Youth gangs are a universal phenomenon attracting increasing attention; the criminal and antisocial behavior

perpetuated by youth gangs has an adverse impact on local communities across the globe. Although there is

an extensive body of research that has examined the problems posed by youth gangs in America (and more recently

in other countries), there have been relatively fewer empirical studies that examined the factors and psychological

processes that are related to youth joining and leaving gangs. This review compiles the international

research on the nature of youth gangs and critically evaluates: (a) the factors that motivate engagement in and

desistance from gang-related activities, (b) risk and protective factors that impact on youths' propensity for gang

membership, delinquency, and violent behavior, and the adverse consequences associated with gang affiliation,

and (c) the relationship between gang-affiliation, youth violence, and criminal behavior.

چکیده : 

Superficially, graffiti and disasters seem unrelated. Nevertheless, following the

Red River Valley flood of 1997, a private form of graffiti emerged in public spaces

in the twin cities of Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota.

Five thematic categories of graffiti emerged through the analysis of photographed

images. The emergence and content of the graffiti appear to be directly related to

residents’ flood experiences. Initially, this graffiti provided a functional symbolic

cue to demarcate flood-damaged property. However, the intended purpose of tagging

property evolved into a community discourse of flood-recovery through graffiti

that included the reaffirmation of the ethos of the community. We label such

graffiti catastr~~fiti as a unique typology related to natural disasters.

چکیده : 

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the roles of acculturative stress, life satisfaction, and language

literacy in depression in non-Korean women residing in South Korea following marriage to Korean men.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed, using an anonymous, self-reporting questionnaire. A total of

173 women were selected using a proportional stratified random sampling method. The relation between

acculturation, depression, language literacy, life satisfaction and socio-demographic variables and the predictors

of depression among participants were analyzed. The analysis included descriptive statistics and hierarchical

multiple regression.

Results: Of the participants, 9.2% had depression, which was almost twice the rate of depression found in the

general Korean population. In hierarchical multiple regression analysis, acculturative stress (beta = −.325,

P b .001) and life satisfaction (beta = −.282, ) were significantly associated with the level of

depression. This final model was statistically significant and life satisfaction, acculturative stress, language

literacy accounted for 31.0% (adjusted R2) of the variance in the depression score (P b .001).