دانلود گزارش کارورزی و کار آموزی

چکیده : 

Consistent individual differences in behaviour are present in most animal populations. Historically, the

fitness consequences of behavioural types (e.g. bold and shy) have been investigated in one focal species

at a time. Studies generally disregard variation in heterospecifics that interact with those types. However,

intraspecific variation in behavioural types of multiple interactors could generate dependent effects of

behavioural type behavioural type in species interactions and might serve as a mechanism maintaining

phenotypic variation in wild populations. Here we examined how behavioural types of both predators

and prey jointly determine the outcome of a predatoreprey interaction using the black widow spider,

Latrodectus hesperus, and a syntopic field cricket, Gryllus integer. We assayed the antipredator (boldness)

behaviour of individual G. integer and the boldness during foraging site selection of individual L. hesperus,

as estimated by the spiders’ tendency to settle in safe versus high-risk foraging environments. The bestfit

models predicting prey survivorship and predator foraging success indicate that the behavioural

tendencies of both predator and prey, as well as the interaction between them, jointly affect the outcome

of staged predatoreprey interactions. These models boasted R2 values 3e10 times those of models that

considered behavioural type variation in either predator or prey alone. Our findings highlight the

importance of considering the behavioural types of multiple interactors when testing the effects of

behavioural types on species interactions and individual performance. More generally, our results

strongly suggest that attention should be paid to multiple interactors if we are to understand the outcomes

of species interactions.