دانلود گزارش کارورزی و کار آموزی

چکیده : 

The statistical analysis of the method of construction of the market graph when considered

as a multiple decision statistical procedure is investigated. It is shown that under the

condition of additivity of the loss function the method can be optimal in different classes

of unbiased multiple statistical procedures. The results are obtained by application of the

Lehmann theory of multiple decision procedures to the method of construction of the

market graph. The main findings are illustrated by numerical studies of the conditional risk

of multiple decision statistical procedures for different loss functions and different return

distributions.

چکیده :

In this paper an efficient method is presented for the analysis of those structures which can be converted

to regular forms. The stiffness matrix for such regular structures can easily be inverted using their eigenvalues

and eigenvectors. Many non-regular structures can be converted to regular forms. Here the presented

method solves not only all the regular forms but also non-regular forms convertible to regular

ones. The efficiency of the method is more significant when it is used in reanalyzing and rehabilitating

structures where the stiffness matrix should be inverted in each step.

چکیده : 

The problem of reconstructing a special class of binary images from their horizontal and

vertical projections is considered. We present a general framework for analyzing the worst

case complexity of this task if the image consists of more than one pairwise disjoint

component. Applying the presented techniqueweanalyze the complexity of reconstructing

canonical hv-convex binary images. We also present parameterized complexity results on

general and so-called glued hv-convex images. Moreover, we study how our results are

related to the reconstruction of permutation matrices from four projections.

چکیده : 

Binary tomography deals with the problem of reconstructing a binary image from its

projections. In particular, there is a focus on highly underdetermined reconstruction

problems for which many solutions may exist. In such cases, it is important to have a quality

measure for the reconstruction with respect to the unknown original image.

In this article, we derive a series of upper bounds that can be used to guarantee the

quality of a reconstructed binary image. The bounds limit the number of pixels that can be

incorrect in the reconstructed image with respect to the original image. We provide several

versions of these bounds, ranging from bounds on the difference between any two binary

solutions of a tomography problem to bounds on the difference between approximate

solutions and the original object. The bounds are evaluated experimentally for a range of

test images, based on simulated projection data.

چکیده : 

The Roma (Gypsy) are the largest European minority population characterized by poverty,

social exclusion as well as by numerous life-style and cultural specificities, which all could

have an adverse impact on their cardiovascular health. This study assesses the prevalence

of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors in community-based sample of 430 adult

Roma, living in rural area of Croatia, by providing the actual and age-adjusted estimates

using the European standard population. The most prominent classical CVD risk

phenotypes (blood pressure, obesity, smoking, glucose and lipid profile) were selected,

and the standard risk cut-offs were applied. The study has shown that compared to general

population of Croatia, the Roma population bears a high CVD risk factors load related to

smoking and high glucose level. The CVD risk factors prevalence in Roma also showed

important sex and age patterns, the most imposing of which are the findings of higher

prevalence of CVD risks in women (especially obesity and triglyceride levels) and the trend

of higher body mass index (BMI) level in younger age group (18–34 years) which both

stand in contrast to the trends characterizing the general population of Croatia. These

findings are complemented by the trend of decreased risk in the oldest age group (65+

years) for all investigated CVD risk factors (with exception of triglycerides level) compared

to the 50–64 age group. We conclude that the age and sex CVD risks pattern point to the

health transition of this rural Roma population. As we expect the proportion of CVD in the

Roma minority of Croatia to increase in the future along with further modernization of

their lifestyle, the CVD prevention measures in this population are urgent and should be

primarily targeted at women and at the younger segment of this population

چکیده : 

The ‘multitasking hypothesis’ for complex signal function predicts performance trade-offs between

signal components that negatively covary (e.g. due to energetic or mechanical constraints) and receiver

preferences for more extreme values of the negatively covarying components that are difficult to produce

simultaneously. We tested these two predictions in Cope’s grey treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis. In a field

study, we recorded and analysed 1000 advertisement calls from males calling in breeding choruses to

test the prediction that two signal components important in female mating decisions (call rate and call

duration) negatively covary under natural conditions. In a laboratory study, we conducted phonotaxis

tests with female subjects to test the prediction that females prefer calls with higher overall ‘call efforts’

(the product of call rate call duration). Consistent with predictions of the multitasking hypothesis, call

rate and call duration were significantly negatively related and females preferred calls produced with

higher call efforts, manifested through preferences for greater values of both call rate and call duration.

We conducted an additional playback experiment to test the hypothesis that males increase their call

effort in competitive situations to maximize their attractiveness to females. Compared to quiet conditions,

male subjects increased their call duration and decreased their call rate, but did not alter call effort,

in response to a simulated calling neighbour or broadcasts of chorus noise. Together our data have

implications for understanding the function of multicomponent signals when signallers must balance

performance trade-offs in mate attraction with dynamic signal modifications in other social contexts

چکیده : 

Variation in life history arises when individuals adopt alternative strategies for allocating finite resources

to different traits to maximize fitness. Optimal strategies can vary not only between, but also within,

species, and in particular between males and females. Variation in life histories can therefore affect the

relative importance and impact of sexual selection, and this will itself feed back into how life histories

evolve. Previous work has revealed that female mate choice tends to decline with age. However, similar

measures of life history variation in male mate choice are lacking. We addressed this in an investigation

of male mate choice in Drosophila melanogaster. We gave males the opportunity to choose a mate every

day of their lives then measured variation in reproductive output. Males that were given the opportunity

to choose their mates showed a subtle but significant benefit of choice during their early reproductive

lives. This was negated during their late reproductive lives, however, when it was males that were given a

randomly selected mate each day that fared progressively better in terms of number of offspring gained.

This evidence suggests that a life history trade-off between early and late reproduction can arise in males

given a regular choice of mate. We therefore identified novel age-dependent variation in the benefits of

male mate choice. Our study shows the importance of considering choice in the context of life history, to

gain more accurate estimates of the fitness benefits of choice.

چکیده : 

Control operations for invasive ship rats, Rattus rattus, in New Zealand forests are often followed by

increased house mouse, Mus musculus, detections suggesting rats suppress mice. A potential mechanism

is intraguild predation, either by interference competition or as simple predatory behaviour. If aggression

by rats towards mice is mainly competitive, it should include threat and display features associated with,

for example, intraspecific fighting. If predatory, it should lack these features and be associated with

feeding. In the first of two captive experiments we observed interactions between paired, live rodents,

either side of a wire-mesh screen, and found that most rats were aggressive to mice. This aggression

lacked threat and display characteristics typical of encounters with conspecifics and was rarely reciprocated

by mice. In a second experiment, euthanized mice were drawn by a line through cages occupied

by rats fed either a restricted or unrestricted diet. Rats of both groups attacked and restrained the

euthanized mice, and all rats that interacted with the mice ate at least part of them, although foodrestricted

rats tended to eat more. As the aggressive response of ship rats towards mice lacked threat

and display features and was related to feeding, we conclude that it resembles predatory behaviour. Our

findings provide a better understanding of the interactions between ship rats and house mice, which

hinder their management where they coexist as damaging invaders. However, further research is

required to determine whether the results of our captive experiments are consistent with wild rat

behaviour

چکیده :

The ability to identify individuals reliably is often a key prerequisite for animal behaviour studies in the

wild. In primates, recognition of other group members can be based on individual differences in the

voice, but these cues are typically too subtle for human observers. We applied a combined mechanism

consisting of a call feature extraction (mel frequency cepstral coefficients) and pattern recognition algorithm

(artificial neural networks) to investigate whether automated caller identification is possible in

free-ranging primates. The mechanism was tested for its accuracy in recognizing species, call type and

caller identity in a large population of free-ranging blue monkeys, Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni, in

Budongo Forest, Uganda. Classification was highly accurate with 96% at the species, 98% at the call type

and 73% at the caller level. It also outperformed conventional discriminant function analysis in the individual

recognition task. We conclude that software based on this method will make a powerful tool for