دانلود گزارش کارورزی و کار آموزی

چکیده : 

Background: Emotional symptoms (ES) emerge forme fruste in adolescence, before manifesting as fully fledged emotional disorders.

Studies indicate that subsyndromal ES precede the onset of emotional disorders. We hypothesized that adolescents showing

subsyndromal ES will show perturbations in the emotion regulatory frontolimbic network (FLN) during emotion processing.

Methods: Fifty-eight female adolescents underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing an image-based emotionprocessing

task. Within this sample, 33 (56.9%) displayed emotional symptoms and 25 (43.1%) did not. Clinical measures, including

assessments of mood and anxiety, were administered and participants were allocated to one of two groups based on the presence

(ES) or absence (ES) of subsyndromal ES. Group comparisons were used to identify differential patterns of neural engagement and

their relationship to clinical variables.

Results: Groups displayed emotion-specific differences in FLN activity with increased frontal activity in ES girls during positive

emotion processing and decreased frontal and limbic activity during negative emotion processing. Trait anxiety was the strongest

clinical predictor of group membership (ES versus ES) and displayed a significant negative correlation with hippocampal neural

activity during negative emotion processing. In addition, between the groups, the hippocampus displayed a pattern of reverse coupling

with the amygdala and insula that was also significantly correlated with trait anxiety.

Conclusions: There is divergence in the pattern of FLN neural processing in adolescent female subjects determined by emotional

symptoms. Future research is needed to corroborate these findings and to underline their implications longitudinally.

چکیده : 

Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are highly heritable and genetically overlapping conditions characterized by episodic elevation and/or depression of mood. Both demonstrate abnormalities in white matter integrity, measured with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging, that are also heritable. However, it is unclear how these abnormalities relate to the underlying genetic architecture of each disorder. Genome-wide association studies have demonstrated a significant polygenic contribution to BD and MDD, where risk is attributed to the summation of many alleles of small effect. Determining the effects of an overall polygenic risk profile score on neuroimaging abnormalities might help to identify proxy measures of genetic susceptibility and thereby inform models of risk prediction.

Methods: In the current study, we determined the extent to which common genetic variation underlying risk to mood disorders (BD and MDD) was related to fractional anisotropy, an index of white matter integrity. This was conducted in unaffected individuals at familial risk of mood disorder (n ¼ 70) and comparison subjects (n ¼ 62). Polygenic risk scores were calculated separately for BD and MDD on the basis of genome-wide association study data from the Psychiatric GWAS Consortia.

Results: We report that a higher polygenic risk allele load for MDD was significantly associated with decreased white matter integrity across both groups in a large cluster, with a peak in the right-sided superior longitudinal fasciculus.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that the polygenic approach to examining brain imaging data might be a useful means of identifying traits linked to the genetic risk of mood disorders.

چکیده : 

The present study sought to extend prior work, showing an association between self-reported distress tolerance and selfreported antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence, by conducting a multimethod test of the association between distress tolerance and objective measures of ART adherence among a sample of 140 individuals (23.6% female) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Findings indicated that, after accounting for negative affectivity and ART side-effect severity, distress tolerance was significantly associated with pill count adherence as well as viral load. Specifically, a  ifferential association was observed whereby self-reported distress tolerance was associated with pill count adherence, whereas  ehavioral distress tolerancewas associated with viral load. Importantly, no associations were observed between either measure  f distress tolerance and CD4 count. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of both behavioral and perceived distress  olerance assessment among patients with HIV as well as potential clinical implications related to the integration of distress  olerance-focused treatments into existing interventions for individuals with HIV

چکیده : 

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) plays a key role in restraining the adaptive immune

response of T-cells towards a variety of antigens including tumor associated antigens (TAAs). The blockade

of this immune checkpoint elicits an effective anticancer immune response in a range of preclinical models,

suggesting that naturally occurring (or therapeutically induced) TAA specific lymphocytes need to be

“unleashed” in order to properly fight against malignant cells. Therefore, investigators have tested this therapeutic

hypothesis also in humans: the favorable results obtained with this strategy in patients with

advanced cutaneous melanoma are revolutionizing the management of this highly aggressive disease and

are fueling new enthusiasm on cancer immunotherapy in general.

Here we summarize the biology of CTLA-4, overview the experimental data supporting the rational for

targeting CTLA-4 to treat cancer and review the main clinical findings on this novel anticancer approach.

Moreover, we critically discuss the current challenges and potential developments of this promising field

of cancer immunotherapy

چکیده : 

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a cytosolic ligand-activated transcription factor, belongs to the member of

bHLH/PAS family of heterodimeric transcriptional regulators and is widely expressed in a variety of animal

species and humans. Recent animal and human data suggested that AHR is involved in various signaling pathways

critical to cell normal homeostasis, which covers multiple aspects of physiology, such as cell proliferation

and differentiation, gene regulation, cell motility and migration, inflammation and others. Dysregulation of

these physiological processes is known to contribute to events such as tumor initiation, promotion, and progression.

Increasing epidemiological and experimental animal data provided substantial support for an association

between abnormal AHR function and cancer, implicating AHR may be a novel drug-interfering

target for cancers. The proposed underlying mechanisms of its actions in cancer involved multiple aspects,

(a) inhibiting the functional expression of the key anti-oncogenes (such as p53 and BRCA1), (b) promoting

stem cells transforming and angiogenesis, (c) altering cell survival, proliferation and differentiation by

influencing the physiologic processes of cell-cycle, apoptosis, cell contact-inhibition, metabolism and remodel

of extracellular matrix, and cell–matrix interaction, (d) cross-talking with the signaling pathways

of estrogen receptor and inflammation. This reviewaims to provide a brief overviewof recent investigations

into the role of AHR and the underlying mechanisms of its actions in cancer, which were explored by the

new technologies emerging in recent years

چکیده : 

This paper critically reviews the performance of two legal measures to curb violence, abuse, and exploitation

of women particularly within the domestic space in India. In a time when we are increasingly arguing for

women empowerment to augment the forces of social and alternative development, there is tremendous

rise even in the officially claimed number of all types of crimes committed against women in general and particularly

against wives in matrimonial homes. The Indian state has, however, enacted several laws during the

last 60 years to address issues related to gender violence in a society dominated by patriarchal values and

practices. But the legal framework, although important, appears to be grossly inadequate even today. A review

of two relevant laws proves that mere passing of laws has failed to guarantee any reduction in the number

of violence against women and girl child. They also do not provide assurance for improvement in justice

delivery system in the Indian context. Much remains to be done to ensure gender justice and equality in a

patriarchal society. Discussion here is based on government statistics, newspaper reports and field data collected

from different locations in West Bengal during 2005–2010

چکیده : 

In the face of global economic downturns, an increasing number of women

are rising to top management positions. What happened in China seems to resonate

with the trend in the West. In China, only one in four have made it to the top

management level, with a majority taking the position of chief operating officer, chief

financial officer, and human resources director. In China, 53% of women are caught in

sticky-floor situations and never advance beyond lower-level positions in the workplace.

What holds women back from climbing up the corporate ladder? This research

explores the stories of women executives in China’s corporate world based on an

exploratory study. We investigated the following questions: What are these women’s

beliefs about and responses to the glass ceiling? What personal, social, and organizational

constraints undermine their capacity to play a part in a traditionally maledominant

world? How did these women make their way to the top? And, what factors

are unique to Chinese women managers’ career advancement

چکیده : 

Entering the new century, foreign Fortune 500 companies operating in

China and Russia have encountered an increasing number of public crises concerning

various social and environmental issues. The public crisis refers to an unexpected,

non-routine, and media-exposed event in which affected stakeholders (e.g., community

members, employees, customers) charge that a company has compromised their

interests. Although many of these crises involved the misdeeds of multinational

corporations (MNCs), the story is beyond catching baddies. Instead, there are

contextual challenges rooted in the social, political, and market environments of

China and Russia that drive the occurrence of the public crisis regardless of MNC

misdeeds. Considering the institutional change and stakeholder growth in these

countries, it is increasingly important for MNCs to understand and effectively deal

with these challenges. This article provides insights to MNCs and researchers in three

ways. First, the article reveals the patterns of MNC crises in the two countries from

2000 to 2011 and presents the variation between the two countries. Second, the

article identifies four types of contextual challenges, including the global-national

challenge, the social-trust challenge, the institutional-voids challenge, and the

normalized-misdeed challenge. Finally, the article discusses the managerial implications

of these challenges and recommends tackling strategies.

چکیده : 

A China strategy is becoming more important for a growing number of midsized

companies as they observe China’s increasingly greater impact on the U.S.

economy. Our study surveyed Indiana and Guangdong firms to assess their interest in

future international engagement in the other’s country. Our results confirm current

engagement by mid-sized firms from both countries in some activities with the other

country, but there is a strong interest in doing more. Hence, there are opportunities

for many Indiana organizations to play a role in assisting Indiana firms in developing

international expertise, business development, and knowledge of China. In the study,

97 firms from the Guangdong Province and 105 Indiana firms identified their current

international activities as well their future intentions relative to business development

in the other’s country