دانلود گزارش کارورزی و کار آموزی

چکیده : 

Research on social class and crime is dominated by perspectives that assume

socioeconomic disadvantage to exert causal influence on offending. As an alternative

approach, the present study examined hypotheses derived from a social selection

perspective which treats intergenerational continuity in antisocial propensity as the

primary source of socioeconomic differences in criminal activity. Under this theory,

individual characteristics of the parents influence their personal socioeconomic

attainment as well as the behavioral traits they pass on to their children. Consistent

with both of these perspectives, longitudinal data tracking Finnish males born in 1987

(,513) showed strong negative associations between family socioeconomic status

(SES) and offspring rates of criminal offending. In critical support for the selection

perspective: (1) these association were linear rather than discrete, (2) parents’ educational

attainment accounted for most of the association between the occupational measure of

family SES and crime, and (3) measures of offspring criminal propensity mediated a

substantial share of these effects. Adolescent educational marginalization emerged as the

key factor linking childhood socioeconomic status to the risk of criminal offending in

emerging adulthood. We discuss the implications of this finding for social influence and

social selection models of explanation.

چکیده :

This paper examines the processes by which identity work influences accounting and

organisational practices. Analysing ethnographic material, we study how accountants

engage in a struggle for recognition in a context where tensions emerge from the confrontation

between idealised occupational aspirations and situated possibilities. To theorise

this struggle we draw on Everett Hughes’s conceptualisation of a moral division of labour.

Building on his concept of ‘‘dirty work’’, we differentiate between the ‘‘unclean’’ and the

‘‘polluted’’. Accountants have to perform tasks that are incompatible with the aspirational

identities they claim; more than ‘‘boring’’, these tasks become symbols of misrecognition.

We call these unclean tasks. Yet even tasks that, in a more favourable context, would be

associated with prestigious aspects of the job, can become degrading in specific situations.

We call them polluted work. We highlight how trying to comply with a positively-anticipated

role transition can help avoid unclean work yet generate more polluted work. Our

analysis suggests that paying greater attention to symbolic differentiations between prestigious

and shameful aspects of work can improve our understanding of accounting, identity

work and organisational practices.

چکیده : 

The role and importance of the conformation of antimicrobial peptides for their binding and incorporation

into lipid membranes as well as for their bioactivity are still not well understood. In this paper, we studied the

interaction between four cationic alpha-helical KLA peptides, which differ primarily in their helical propensity,

and the anionic gel-state lipid DPPG (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol). Of particular interest

was the influence of the peptide conformation and membrane surface properties on the electrostatic binding

process. Dynamic light scattering (DSL) showed that generally the KLA peptides possess high aggregation

power but modest solubilization power. Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) spectra revealed that the KLA

peptides with the low helical propensity tend to form beta-structures at low lipid/peptide ratios. Differential

scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms showed that the helical KLA peptides stabilize the DPPG bilayer,

whereas the beta-structured peptides induce pronounced membrane perturbations. Isothermal titration

calorimetry (ITC) isotherms showed that the helical KLA peptides bind more efficiently to DPPG vesicles than

چکیده : 

The use of crystal vibrational modes and frequencies calculated for the periodic system to complement a

Translation Libration Screw (TLS) fit in the estimation of anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) of

hydrogen atoms in molecular crystals is proposed. As a test case we have used the para-nitroaniline crystal,

for which a reference set of ADPs has been obtained by performing a single crystal neutron diffraction

study at 100 K. Although the largest difference between estimated and experimental reference values

amounts to 0.06 Å2, this value being about six times the experimental uncertainty, the agreement is better

than three experimental uncertainties for 33 out of the total of 36 ADPs. The performance of the suggested

method, particularly for the amino atoms, is thoroughly analyzed.

چکیده : 

Nonlinear laser spectroscopies in the deep UV spectral range are motivated by studies of biological systems

and elementary processes in small molecules. This perspective article discusses recent technical

advances in this area with a particular emphasis on diffractive optic based approaches to four-wave mixing

spectroscopies. Applications to two classes of systems illustrate present experimental capabilities.

First, experiments on DNA components at cryogenic temperatures are used to uncover features of excited

state potential energy surfaces and vibrational cooling mechanisms. Second, sub-200 fs internal conversion

processes and coherent wavepacket motions are investigated in cyclohexadiene and a-terpinene.

Finally, we propose new experimental directions that combine methods for producing few-cycle UV laser

pulses in noble gases with incoherent detection methods (e.g., photoionization) in experiments with time

resolution near a singlefemtosecond. These measurements are motivated by knowledge of extremely fast

non-adiabatic dynamics and the resolution of electronic wavepacket motions in molecules.

چکیده : 

In this paper, the design and implementation of a femtosecond-resolved ultrafast transmission electron

microscope is presented, based on a thermionic gun geometry. Utilizing an additional magnetic lens

between the electron acceleration and the nominal condenser lens system, a larger percentage of the

electrons created at the cathode are delivered to the specimen without degrading temporal, spatial

and energy resolution significantly, while at the same time maintaining the femtosecond temporal resolution.

Using the photon-induced near field electron microscopy effect (PINEM) on silver nanowires

the cross-correlation between the light and electron pulses was measured, showing the impact of the

gun settings and initiating laser pulse duration on the electron bunch properties. Tuneable electron

pulses between 300 fs and several ps can be obtained, and an overall energy resolution around 1 eV

was achieved.

چکیده : 

A geometric graph is rational if all its edges have rational lengths. In 2008 M. Kleber asked

for what graph the vertices can be slightly perturbed in their ϵ-neighborhoods in such a

way that the resulting graph becomes rational (the ϵ-approximation) and in addition the

vertices can have rational coordinates (the rational ϵ-approximation). J. Geelen et al. in

2008 proved that any geometric cubic graph has a rational ϵ-approximation for any ϵ > 0.

In 2011 A. Dubickas assumed the existence of up to four vertices of degree above 3. We

prove that any connected geometric graph with maximum degree 4 and a vertex w of

degw < 4 and any 3-tree have ϵ-rational approximations for any ϵ > 0.

چکیده : 

A large-deformation numerical methodology is applied to simulate the interaction effects for a pipeline

installed in a trench backfilled with loosely deposited dry sand, focusing on shallow buried pipelines subjected

to lateral displacements relative to the surrounding soil. Based on the backfill–pipeline deformation

mode under shallow embedment conditions, described in previous experimental studies, analyses

are performed while considering only the critical state shear strength parameters of the backfill. The

numerical methodology is validated against experimental full-scale test measurements from the literature,

for pipelines buried in uniform dry loose and medium sand. Parametric analyses are performed

to generate approximate formulas and charts for calculating (i) the maximum force on the pipeline

and (ii) the minimum trench dimensions to eliminate interaction with the surrounding natural ground.

Application of the proposed approach in the prediction of independent full-scale test results for a pipeline

embedded in a shallow trench demonstrates its effectiveness, and underlines the effect of trench dimensioning

on the response of the pipeline

چکیده : 

In this paper a viscoplastic constitutive model for unsaturated geomaterials is presented. The constitutive

laws for the description of the time-dependent mechanical behaviour of saturated and unsaturated

geomaterials generalise the isotach approach proposed by Šuklje [52] to the elastoplastic strain hardening

based constitutive laws for unsaturated soils. The formulation encompasses strain rate effects and

allows the description of the coupled effect of strain rate and suction on the viscoplastic behaviour of

geomaterials. The model has been used to simulate tests involving variable stress and/or strain rate conditions,

including creep phases and soaking tests. Numerical results demonstrate its reliability in reproducing

the general features of the rate-dependent behaviour together with the dependency upon suction.

Further tests are currently under consideration to extend model verification to others saturated and

unsaturated geomaterials

چکیده : 

This paper presents a finite element approach to analyse the response of shallow foundations on soils