دانلود گزارش کارورزی و کار آموزی

 

 

چکیده :

This paper deals with the problem of linear regression for medical cost data when some study subjects

are not followed for the full duration of interest so that their total costs are unknown. Standard survival

analysis techniques are ill-suited to this type of censoring. The familiar normal equations for the leastsquares

estimation are modified in several ways to properly account for the incompleteness of the data.

The resulting estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal with easily estimated

variance–covariance matrices. The proposed methodology can be used when the cost database contains

only the total costs for those with complete follow-up. More efficient estimators are available when

the cost data are recorded in multiple time intervals. A study on the medical cost for ovarian cancer is

presented.

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چکیده : 

A commonly acknowledged belief is that globalization–—

the deepening interconnection between

nations and societies–—has multiple facets: economic,

political, financial, marketing, social, and institutional.

As applied to the context of emerging

markets, these different facets congeal in a progressive

pattern of strategic entry decisions made

by erstwhile multinational firms, and recently, by an

increasing number of stalwart local firms. While this

pattern is not necessarily sequential or deliberate,

it accentuates strategic decisions in the life cycle of

internationalization.

Once considered to be bastions of production and

global sourcing, emerging markets were favorite

destinations, particularly when labor costs were

much lower and work skills roughly comparable.

The globe-trotting activities by athletic footwear

giant Nike in the 1980s–—including Japan, China,

Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, India, and currently

Vietnam–—provide graphic testimony to this

strategy. But as these emerging markets become

more developed, owing largely to a more prosperous

middle class and favorable governmental policies,

attention is shifting from them as producers to

consumers. This is reflected in current marketing

initiatives by companies such as Apple, Samsung,

Wal-Mart, and Procter & Gamble: to penetrate the

Chinese and other targeted markets. In this context,

economic and trade liberalization that facilitates

production and marketing initiatives will continue

to play a dominant role in terms of integrating

emerging markets into the global economy. Though

the integration of global financial markets is still at a

nascent stage, there is little doubt that this is the

next phase of globalization. Interest in foreign

direct investment and macroeconomic policies

punctuates the growing importance of this direction.

Perhaps the area receiving short shrift is the

purported application of management systems,

which entails the systemic union of Eastern and

Western intellectual traditions. We define management

systems broadly here, not confined to human

resource systems alone, but as the broader base of

human and social capital undergirding strategic

decisions.

 

چکیده :

Research on strategy in emerging markets is based on overly static

representations, paying insufficient attention to the impact of contextual change

on the value of firms’ resources. This article examines how a sample of the most

successful Vietnamese private companies during the first decade of their country’s

transition from central planning was affected by the shifting rules of the game in their

business environment. I suggest the primary takeaway is that sustained superior

performance in an environment with changing keys to success requires dedicated and

ongoing strategic renewal. I also suggest the need for both scholars and managers to

immerse themselves in emerging markets if they care to fully understand the granular

ways in which these settings differ from more familiar advanced economie

 

چکیده : 

Internationalization of emerging market multinationals is a recent phenomenon

gaining importance in the global economy. This foreign expansion of a new

breed of companies has challenged established theories and practices in the field of

international business (Cuervo-Cazurra, 2007). This article addresses the issue of

whether or not there is something to learn from these emerging market companies

and their foreign expansion. Focusing on the international trajectories of four Brazilian

multinationals (i.e., Odebrecht, Embraer, Stefanini, and Marcopolo), this study analyzes

their strategies and managerial processes during and after the recent economic

crisis with regards to internationalization. Our qualitative fieldwork suggests that the

trajectories of these Brazilian multinationals are quite unstructured and evolve as a

reaction to the opportunities they face in international markets. It seems all four

companies in our sample shared a strong entrepreneurial spirit and a high motivation to

expand their international operations despite the crisis and the obstacles they faced.

Our findings and suggestions in terms of lessons learned should provide valuable

implications for multinational managers from other emerging markets by providing a

better understanding of how Brazilian multinationals expand internationally, deal with

economic crisis, and manage relationships with local and foreign institutions

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چکیده : 

This study evaluates the performance of the Project EX tobacco use cessation program in Russian summer

recreational camps. An eight-session clinic-based tobacco use cessation program for adolescents was tested

during the summer of 2011 in an experimental pilot trial that involved different youth that rotated through

camps. Conditions were nested within camps. Two rotations of unique subject groups of smokers (program

and standard care control) through each of five camps provided the means of controlling for campsite by condition.

Assignment of condition by rotation was random (by a flip of a coin), achieving reasonable baseline

comparability (total smokers at baseline, 76 program group, 88 standard care control group). Evaluation

involved an immediate pretest and posttest and a six-month telephone follow-up. At immediate posttest,

Project EX was moderately well-received, significantly reduced future smoking expectation (46% reduction in

EX program condition versus 8% in control, p b .0001), decreased intention to not quit smoking (−5.2% in EX

versus +1.4% in control, p b .05), and increased motivation to quit smoking (0.72 versus −0.04, p b .0001).

At the six-month follow-up, program subjects reported a higher intent-to-treat quit rate during the last

30 days (7.5% versus 0.1%, p b .05). For the subjects who remained monthly smokers at the six-month

follow-up, Project EX reduced subjects' level of nicotine dependence (−0.53 versus+0.15, p b .001). The results

were quite promising for this program, which included motivation enhancement, coping skill, and alternative

medicine material. However, further research on teen tobacco use cessation programming in Russia with larger

sample sizes, involving other locations of the country, and with stronger research designs is needed.

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چکیده : 

Aims: This report was designed to test the hypothesis that family history of smoking (FH) would moderate

the effects of positive and negative smoking expectancies on initiation in a college sample.

Design: Secondary analysis of a study of college freshmen never-smokers (; 46%male) who completed a

baseline interview and quarterly online follow-up assessments for 15 months.

Findings: Analyses indicated that FH moderated the effect of negative outcome expectancies () but not

the effects of expectancies for positive or negative reinforcement on the probability of smoking initiation. Stronger

negative expectancies were associated with a decreased risk of initiation for family history positive but not

family history negative participants.

Conclusions: Findings are consistent with previous tobacco research indicating that FH + adolescents have more

negative expectancies about cigarette smoking. This suggests that adolescents observing negative consequences

or receiving negativemessages fromtheir parents about cigarettesmay be less likely to experimentwith smoking