دانلود گزارش کارورزی و کار آموزی

چکیده : 

Aims: This report was designed to test the hypothesis that family history of smoking (FH) would moderate

the effects of positive and negative smoking expectancies on initiation in a college sample.

Design: Secondary analysis of a study of college freshmen never-smokers (; 46%male) who completed a

baseline interview and quarterly online follow-up assessments for 15 months.

Findings: Analyses indicated that FH moderated the effect of negative outcome expectancies () but not

the effects of expectancies for positive or negative reinforcement on the probability of smoking initiation. Stronger

negative expectancies were associated with a decreased risk of initiation for family history positive but not

family history negative participants.

Conclusions: Findings are consistent with previous tobacco research indicating that FH + adolescents have more

negative expectancies about cigarette smoking. This suggests that adolescents observing negative consequences

or receiving negativemessages fromtheir parents about cigarettesmay be less likely to experimentwith smoking