دانلود گزارش کارورزی و کار آموزی

چکیده : 

Mood disorders are serious diseases that affect a large portion of the population. There have been many hypotheses put forth over the

years to explain the development of major depression, bipolar disorder, and other mood disorders. These hypotheses include

disruptions in monoamine transmission, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function, immune function, neurogenesis, mitochondrial

dysfunction, and neuropeptide signaling (to name a few). Nearly all people suffering from mood disorders have significant disruptions

in circadian rhythms and the sleep/wake cycle. In fact, altered sleep patterns are one of the major diagnostic criteria for these disorders.

Moreover, environmental disruptions to circadian rhythms, including shift work, travel across time zones, and irregular social schedules,

tend to precipitate or exacerbate mood-related episodes. Recent studies have found that molecular clocks are found throughout the

brain and body where they participate in the regulation of most physiological processes, including those thought to be involved in

mood regulation. This review will summarize recent data that implicate the circadian system as a vital regulator of a variety of systems

that are thought to play a role in the development of mood disorders

چکیده : 

In the light of the current economic crises which in many countries lead to business

closures and mass lay-offs, the consequences of job loss are important on various

dimensions. They have to be investigated not only in consideration of a few years, but with

a long-term perspective as well, because early life course events may prove important for

later life outcomes. This paper uses data from SHARELIFE to shed light on the long-term

consequences of involuntary job loss on health.

The paper distinguishes between two different reasons for involuntary job loss: plant

closures, which in the literature are considered to be exogenous to the individual, and layoffs,

where the causal direction of health and unemployment is ambiguous. These groups

are separately compared to those who never experienced a job loss. The paper uses eleven

different measures of health to assess long-term health consequences of job loss, which

has to have occurred at least 25 years before the current interview. As panel data cannot be

employed, a large body of variables, including childhood health and socio-economic

conditions, is used to control for the initial conditions.

The findings suggest that individuals with an exogenous job loss suffer in the long run:

men are significantly more likely to be depressed and they have more trouble knowing the

current date. Women report poorer general health and more chronic conditions and are

also affected in their physical health: they are more likely to be obese or overweight, and to

have any limitations in their (instrumental) activities of daily living. In the comparison

group of laid-off individuals, controlling for the initial conditions reduces the effects of job

loss on health – proving that controlling for childhood conditions is important.

چکیده : 

Life review with music activities such as singing and listening to clients’ meaningful or memorable songsis a commonly practiced technique in various clinical settings. In the current paper, two case studiesof life review with two Japanese elderly women with dementia were presented. We used a theoreticalframework called “Musical Life Review” model (Sato, 2011) to analyze the functions of clients’ meaning-ful or memorable songs used during life review sessions. Furthermore, we determined spiritual needsdisplayed by clients with Murata’s theoretical model (Murata, 2003), which is intended to clarify thestructure of spiritual pain. Clinical values and functional meanings of musical life review for people withdementia were also discussed.

چکیده :

This paper formulates a class of models for the joint behaviour of a sequence of longitudinal

measurements and an associated sequence of event times, including single-event survival data. This class

includes and extends a number of specific models which have been proposed recently, and, in the absence

of association, reduces to separate models for the measurements and events based, respectively, on a

normal linear model with correlated errors and a semi-parametric proportional hazards or intensity model

with frailty.

Special cases of the model class are discussed in detail and an estimation procedure which allows the

two components to be linked through a latent stochastic process is described. Methods are illustrated using

results from a clinical trial into the treatment of schizophrenia.

چکیده : 

Publication bias is a major problem, perhaps the major problem, in meta-analysis (or systematic reviews).

Small studies are more likely to be published if their results are ‘significant’ than if their results

are negative or inconclusive, and so the studies available for review are biased in favour of those with

positive outcomes. Correcting for this bias is not possible without making untestable assumptions. In

this paper, a sensitivity analysis is suggested which is based on fitting a model to the funnel plot. Some

examples are discussed.

چکیده : 

A novel and facile wet chemical method is presented to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) under

ambient atmosphere and temperature. Keggin type heteropolyoxometalate (H3[PW12O40]) was used as

stabilizer and the effect of stirring time and amount of H3[PW12O40] (HPW) were studied. XRD and

TEM techniques were applied for the morphological and structural characterizations of NPs. Size of nanoparticles

were determined using TEM, Scherrer’s formula as well as effective mass approximation. The

results of these three methods are in good agreements and revealed single hexagonal zincite type crystalline

with average particle size in the range of 3–15 nm. Photoluminescence behavior of the prepared

sample shows a strong orange to red emission centred at about 620–635 nm, a green emission at around

550 nm and broad UV emission at around 400 nm.

چکیده : 

The validation of surrogate endpoints has been studied by Prentice (1989). He presented a definition

as well as a set of criteria, which are equivalent only if the surrogate and true endpoints are binary.

Freedman et al. (1992) supplemented these criteria with the so-called ‘proportion explained’. Buyse

and Molenberghs (1998) proposed replacing the proportion explained by two quantities: (1) the relative

effect linking the effect of treatment on both endpoints and (2) an individual-level measure of agreement

between both endpoints. The latter quantity carries over when data are available on several randomized

trials, while the former can be extended to be a trial-level measure of agreement between the effects

of treatment of both endpoints. This approach suggests a new method for the validation of surrogate

endpoints, and naturally leads to the prediction of the effect of treatment upon the true endpoint, given

its observed effect upon the surrogate endpoint. These ideas are illustrated using data from two sets of

multicenter trials: one comparing chemotherapy regimens for patients with advanced ovarian cancer, the

other comparing interferon-α with placebo for patients with age-related macular degeneration.