دانلود گزارش کارورزی و کار آموزی

چکیده : 

Seed-applied fungicides are commonly used to prevent or suppress fungal disease organisms in pulsecrop production. However, non-target beneficial fungi, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), alsomay be affected. Seed-applied fungicides Agrox®FL (active ingredient: captan), AllegianceTMFL (metal-axyl), Apron Maxx®RTA®(fludioxonil and metalaxyl), Thiram 75WP (thiram), Vitaflo®280 (carbathiinand thiram), Crown®(carbathiin and thiabendazole), and Trilex®AL (trifloxystrobin and metalaxyl) wereassessed in a greenhouse study for their effects on colonization and development of AMF in pea and chick-pea, and the consequent impact on plant growth. In the absence of disease pressure, systemic fungicidesAllegianceTMFL, Apron Maxx®RTA®, Vitaflo®280, Crown®and Trilex®AL restricted mycorrhizal coloniza-tion, host growth and P uptake to different levels. In contrast, contact fungicides Agrox®FL and Thiram75WP had minimal effects on mycorrhizal colonization, host growth and P uptake. Although consequentsporulation and glomalin-related protein production were not significantly affected by fungicides at anearly host growth stage, the compositional structure of the AMF community in host roots was signifi-cantly altered in response to Agrox®FL, AllegianceTMFL, Apron Maxx®RTA®, and Trilex®AL as revealedby pyrosequencing-based analysis of fungal 18S rRNA. These results indicate that the suppressi