Abstract. The paper presents a naturalness preserving transform (NPT) based
collusion and compression resistant watermarking technique for video. An image
that is statistically similar to a video frame is chosen as the watermark and
this image is embedded independently in consecutive frames of the video. To
enhance the resistance to inter frame collusion based attacks, a non-overlapping
block matching is used to determine the region for placing the watermark in
consecutive frames. Only a trace of the watermark image is embedded which
enhances the robustness of the watermark to different attacks. When a frame
and the image become substantially different, another image is chosen as the
watermark. The size of the watermark determines the quality of the watermarked
video frames. Watermark extraction is blind and requires only the region
where the watermark was originally placed. The reconstruction process is
iterative and bestows immunity the watermark against noise and lossy compression.
Analysis indicates that the watermark is sufficiently immune to second
order inter-frame statistical attacks and is quite robust to image level compression.
Experimental results confirm these theoretical findings and demonstrate
the resistance of the technique to temporal frame averaging, additive noise and
JPEG based compression. However, the technique is limited by the fact that the
original video sequence (frames) is required for reconstruction based recovery
of the watermark from the watermarked video sequence.
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